This study explores how and why literacy programmes can contribute to sustainable development and processes of women’s empowerment. The paper argues that only by looking in depth at literacy learning and development practices can we begin to address the challenge of narrowing the gender gap in literacy attainment. The paper reviews a range of adult literacy programmes and distills principles of good practice in order to arrive at recommendations for future action. It makes a case for the importance of literacy to sustainable development and the empowerment of women.