People who are equipped with key competences have lifelong advantages over those who have not mastered literacy, digital skills and languages. These competences, together with other skills, are fundamental assets for every European citizen for employability, wellbeing and lifelong learning.

This comparative study provides insights into the extent that the three selected key competences – digital, multilingual and literacy – are embedded and promoted in initial upper secondary VET in Europe. The analysis is provided at three levels: national policies, qualifications and curricula, including main areas of policy intervention; reference documents, programme delivery, and assessment standards; and teacher/trainer competences.